Theses and Dissertations

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Anti-inflammatory and a-amylase inhibitory activities of mycelia and culture spent extracts of Oudemansiella canarii
(2019) Krizia H. Tintero
Oudemansiella canarii, from the family Physalactriaceae, is an edible mushroom commonly found growing on trunks and twigs of dead trees. Fallen logs, and pile of wood chips. In order to establish the pharmacological potentials, the anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activities were assessed using chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay and a-amylase assay, respectively. The chorioallantoic memebrane inhibition assay revealed that O. canarii culture spent extract at 1000 ug/mL concentration recorded the highest inflammation inhibition of 95.24% which was almost comparable to the quercetin. Onthe otehr hand, ethanolic extracts of both mycelia and culture spent showed no inhibitory activity against a-amylase.
Antibacterial activity of biologically synthesized ethnobotanicals of the Ilongot-Egongot community against Water Borne bacteria
(2019) Niña Andrean D. Ramos
Antibacterial properties of selected plant ethanolic extract against water-borne bacteria
(2019) Goldwin Grace V. Reyes
In this study, the antibacterial potentials of the identified Senna alata (Linn.) Roxb Persea americana Mill, Syzigium cumini 9Linn.) Skeels, Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. and Gliricidia sepium (jacq) Kunth ex Steud leaves and shoots ethanol extracts were evaluated against water borne bacteria namely: Enterobacter cloacae and Exiguobacterium sp. Forty(40) grams of pulverized air-dried plant samples were soaked with 400 ml of 95% ethanol in 72 hours. Extraction and rotary evaporation were done, the ethanolic extracts of the plant samples were subjected to eradicant and protectant test aginst E. cloacae and Exiguobacterium sp. that were isolated from water wage canal. Zone of inhibition and colonization were observed. results showed that in the eradicant test, only ethanolic extracts of E. tereticorns inhibits the growth of E. cloacae. On the other hand, all the ethanolic extracts inhibits the growth of Exiguobacterium sp. after 24 hours of incubation. meanwhile, in the protectant test, all the extract showed to be negative against E. cloacae and Exiguobacterium sp. after 24 hours of incubation. This implies the antibacterial activity of the aforementioned plant samples against water borne bacteria.
Anticancer activity of ethnobotanicals of the ILONGOT-EǴONGOT community of bayanihan, Maria Aurora, Aurora on human colon cancer cells (HCT-116)
(2019) Earl Jericho DJ. Cachin
Globally, colon cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths. Colon carcinoma is one of the best-understood neoplasms from the genetic perpective, yet it remains the second most cause of cancer-related deaths. As one of the developing countries, Philippines possess a rich biodiversity that offers wide range of ethnobotanicals waiting to be utilized for cancer treatment. Ethanolic extracts of ten ethnobotanicals were collected from the Ilongot-Eģongot community of Bayanihan, Maria Aurora, Aurora were tested against human colon cancer cell line HCT-116. Cell viability and cytotoxicity was determined using the PrestoBlue® Assay. The assay revealed that Premna odorata Blanco (Local Name: Asedaong; IC₅₀ 0.8747 µg/ml), Dillenia phillippinensis Rolfe (Local Name: Katmon; IC₅₀ 0.6358 µg/ml), Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. (Local Name: Pag; IC₅₀ 0.6653 µg/ml), Mikania micrantha L. (Local Name: Ola ola; IC₅₀ 0.8201 µg/ml), Diplazium Esculentum (Retz.) Sw. (Local name: Pako Pako; IC₅₀ 0.7338 µg/ml), Urena lobata L. (Local name: Pukot; IC₅₀ 1.009 µg/ml), Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. (Local name: Gutokola; IC₅₀ 0.8788 µg/ml), Ceiba pentandra (Local name: Betek; IC₅₀ 1.04 µg/ml), Adenanthera intermedia Merr. (Local name: Kares; IC₅₀ 1.295 µg/ml) and Stachytarpheta sp. (Local Name: Luzviminda; IC₅₀ 1.322 µg/ml), showed anticancer activity against human colon cancer cell line (HCT-116). All extract showed an IC₅₀<20 µg/mL which is considered as highly toxic.
Antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella spp. isolated from broiler chickens from selected poultry dressing plants of Central Luzon
(2019) Lattizia Danyelle P. Vega
Antibiotics are used by humans and animals for treatment of disease, feed, efficiency and growth improvement. Bacterial species became resistant to different antibiotics resulting to high morbidity and mortality rate due to use and misuse of antibiotics. The aim of this study was to isolate Salmonella from caecal contents of the broiler chicken and assess its antimicrobial resistance to different antimicrobial agents. A total number of 72 samples were collected from selected Accredited Poultry Dressing Plants of Central Luzon . Out of this 72 samples, 66 showed positive results for the detection of Salmonella spp. through Vitek GN card. All isolates were found to be sensitive to 5 antimicrobials, namely: Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Tigecycline and Colistin and resistant to 4 antimicrobials, namely Cefuroxime, Cefuroxime Axetil, Cefoxitin and Gentamicin. Moreover, all Salmonella spp. isolates were multiple drug resistant since they were found to be resistant to three or more antimicrobials. The Salmonella spp. isolated in this study are resistant to different antimicrobial agents, specifically, antimicrobial agents used in poultry farming.
Assessment of insects diversity in the ecotone of Sitio Bulac, Barangay General Luna, Carranglan Nueva Ecija
(2018) Alfredo D. Abad Jr.
Researches in the past decades had focused on distinct ecological regions, communities, and ecosystem but areas of transition between these regions have received much less attention. In the face of global climate and environmental changes it has been argued that ecotones deserve special conservation investment, potentially being speciation and biodiversity hotspots that hold relatively resilient populations. This study aimed to assess the diversity of insects in the forest grassland ecotone of Sitio Bulac, Barangay General Luna, Carranglan, Nueva Ecija. A total of 48 species of insects were observed in the four stations of the forest-grassland ecotone and were classified and identified into 10 orders and 35 families. A species in the Family Formicidae obtained the highest species importance value among all other species of insects observed in the study area with a value of 15.3%, 48.21% and 66.38% respectively. Using Shannon Diversity Index it was determined that the ecotone has a high diversity of insects with a value of 3.45 despite human interventions. some human activities in the area such as kaingin farming and fire are identified as major threats that may lead to biodiversity loss in the ecotone of Sitio Bulac, Barangay General Luna, Carranglan Nueva Ecija. other environmental threats that have small impacts to the ecosystems are pollution, mining, charcoal making and soil erosion / silt run-off.
Detection and monitoring of coliform in drinking waster system in barangay Matias, Talavera, Nueva Ecija and its antibiotic sensitivity profiles
(2023) Frinz Nathaniel M. Capuras
Access to clean water is a basic human right and its essential for the survival of living organisms. Water also serves as a vehicle for the transportation of microorganisms, including human-associated bacteria. The study aimed to detect the presence of coliform bacteria in ten drinking water samples obtained from tap and manual water hand pumps. the results revealed that all tap water samples, tested negative for coliform detection, except for one sample which is utility water 4. In contrast, all samples from manual hand pumps tested positive for coliform, except for one sample which is ground water 3. Further analysis indicated that four out of the five samples that are tested to be positive for coliform contained the indicator organism, Escherichia coli, while ground water 2 did not. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the E.coli isolates showed that all were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, except for the isolate from ground water 1, which exhibited multidrug resistance to five antimicrobials. These findings provide valuable data for assessing and addressing water potability issues associated with manual hand pumps, and emphasize the importance of continuous monitoring of tap water quality. All of the water from the sampling sites tested are potable, except for the locations where the presence of coliform was detected.
Detection of lead and mercury content of wild fruiting bodies of macrofungi collected in Tumauini, Isabela
(2019) Ralph Eddieson M. Balbin
Wild macrofungi were collected in the three different sites of Tumauini, Isabela for the detection of the presence of lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) using cold vapor and flame atomic absorption spectrometer. The collected species include Agaricus bisporus, Cystolepiota spp., Pycnoporus spp., Lentinus tigrinus, versicolor, Ganoderma lucidum, Trametes hirsuta, Paneolus spp., Species 9, Species 10, and Species 11. Among the eleven macrofungi, eight showed the presence of lead namely: A bisporus, Cystolepiota spp., Pycnoporus spp. recorded the highest amount of lead (15 mg / kg) while L. tigrinus had the lowest (1.5 mg / kg). Four macrofungi were detected to contain mercury namely: A bisporus, Cystolepiota spp., T. versicolor, and Species 11, in which Species 11 had the highest amount of mercury (1.4 mg / kg). The mercury content of the four samples were found higher than the acceptable amount of mercury in the bloodstream (0.01 mg / kg). Therefore, people should be cautious of eating wild mushrooms since they might contain heavy metals naturally accumulated from their substrates.
Distribution and species listing of wild macrofungi in Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija Philippines
(2023) Franz Seyhan R. Corpuz
The profile of natural habitat, physical distribution, and taxonomic listing of naturally occurring macrofungi on Mt. Mingan, Barangay Sawmill, Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija Philippines are presented in this paper. Purposive sampling and opportunistic sampling was conducted once a month at the three collection sites from February to march 2023. Most macrofungi were found to be gregarious and forest-dwelling, which grew and thrived on decomposing tree trunks, branches, stumps and fallen logs, with a pH level ranging from 3.81 to 8.01. The macrofungi's physical distribution was significantly influenced by the collection site, collection month, and elevation, including varying vegetation as substrates, climatic conditions including temperature, humidity and precipitation and human disturbances. Among the three collection sites and three collection months, collection site C (65.91%) and April (59.09%) recorded the highest percentage composition of macrofungal species. Macrofungi grew at the lowest elevation of 212 masl to the highest elevation of 324 masl. However, most macrofungi were located at 291-320 masl (61.36%). the 89 collected macrofungi were morphologically identified and taxonomically classified under six classes, 21 families, 36 genera and 44 species. Out of 44 species, 19 were morphologically identified down to the genus level only, while 25 were identified down to the species level. Most macrofungi species belong to the classAgaricomycetes, wherein Polyporaceae had the most number of species. Microporus xanthopus (Fr.) Kuntze and Schizophyllum commune (Fr.) were observed consecutively in all collection sites and collection months. Four macrofungi were successfully tissue-cultured. Thus, Mt. Mingan harbors many macrofungal species with prospective applications.
Diversity of trees in Mount 387, Carrangalan, Nueva Ecija
(2019) Andrea Roselle L. Catabona
This study was conducted to assess the distribution and diversity of trees in Mount 387, Carrangalan, Nueva Ecija. A total of 20 species representing 13 families were recorded. Quadrat method was used to survey the trees, native trees dominated the area with 10 different species, these were C. kuzonicum, S. apiculata, P. speciosa, P. malabaricum, C. dichotoma, P. indicus, V. parviflora, S. cumuni, and P. odoratissimus. Six species were classified as introduced, whichwere M. indica, C. indicum, G. arborea, P. serratifolia, X. lanceatum and O. frutescens. Followed by 4 endemic species, namely, D. purpurea, A. treculianus, P. kesiya and T. philippinensis. Out of the 20 species recorded, 2 species were categorized as vulnerable, 2 endangered and 1 species listed as threatened based on the latest IUCN Red list of Threatened species. T. philippinensis recorded the highest computed population indices values in terms of frequency (0.9%), Relative frequency (20.5%), Density (0.003%) Relative density (3%), Dominance (0.0116%) and Relative dominance (0.42%). The calculated diversity index of Mt. 387 was 2.28 H' which was low density. Moreover, Jaccard's similarity was used to see the similarities between quadrat. Computed highest similarity index was noted at Quadrat 2 and 4 as well as quadrat 7 and 8. Wherein, in quadrat 2 and 4 are near the water source which helps the trees to grow. Meanwhile, sufficient supply of light may explain the similarity between in Quadrat 7 and 8. Quadrat 3 did not show any similarities. This is because most of the trees were fallen down due to natural calamities. Local people utilizes some of the trees as medicine, timber, food, food addictive, and more. The finding of this study imply that conservation efforts shoul be implemented since the area is dominated with native species and endemic species.
Effect of ethanol extract of wild fruiting body of Trametes suaveolens on the food intake and locomotion of N2 wild strain Caenorhabditis elegans
(2019) Leomark N. Parocha
Trametes suaveolens is one of the macrofungi that grwos on rotting log. This study evaluated the effects of fruiting body extract of T. suaveolens on the food intake and locomotion of Caenorhabditis elegans. The active components of mushroom were obtained using ethanol as solvent. The nematode lethality assay, pharyngeal behavior assay and locomotion assay were determined after exposure to different concentrations of the extract. A 1000 ug/mLextract was found to be moderately roxic at 120 hours post treatment exposure (hpte). At the same concentration, pumping rate was reduced having 59 pumps per minute at 48 hours post-treatment and 15.17 pumps/minute at 120 hpteand decreased to 2.5 reversal/minute at 120 hpte. On the other hand, in roaming locomotion, 1000 ug/mL exposed nematodes recorded 22.523 body bends/minute at 48 hour and increased to 24.33 body bends/minute at 120 hpte.
Identification and evaluation of enzymatic ability of fungal endophytes in Citrofortunella microcarpa (Bunge) Wijnands
(2019) Rommel Dave C. Reyes
Citrofortunella microcarpa, belonging to family Rutaceae, is one of the most important commercial fruit crops grown in the Philippines. Endophytes are found in various plant tissue types. Endophytic fungi produce valuable enzymes that are relatively unexplored which are useful to pharmaceutical and agricultural industries. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the enzymatic ability of endophytic fungi isolated from C. microcarpa stem and leaves that would provide an information on the diversity and ability to produce fungal enzymes. The present study evaluated the fungal enzymatic ability of fungal endophytes found in C. microcarpa leaves and stem. Fungal isolates were identified based on their cultural and morphological caharacteristics. then, their identity were confirmed using molecular methods. isolated fungi were tested for their ability to produce amylase, cellulase, laccase and protease. A total of 11 fungal endophytes where isolated from stem and leaves of Citrofortunella microcarpa namely: Collectrichum fracticola, Collectotrichum siamense, Fusarium oxysporium, lasiodiplodia theobromae, Nigrospora oryzae, Nigrospora rubi, Nodulisporium indicum, Colletorichum, gloeosporiodes, Phomposis azadirachtae, Phyllosticta capitalensis, and an unidentified species under the Order Pleosporales. All the endophytic fungal isolates showed production of amylases. The highest production of amylase were from P. capitalensis, followed by the unidentified species and Nigrospora oryzae. Furthermore, a total of four species of endophytic fungi namely: L. theobromae, N. oryzae, C. gloeosporioides and the unidentified species had potential for cellulose degradation. The species of fungi that had the largest enzymatic index for cellulose activity was the unidentified species of Pleosporales. meanwhile, among the tested organisms for the extracellular protease activity positive results were observed in the unidentified species. F. oxysporium and P. azadirachtae were producer of laccase enzyme.
In-Vitro interaction of Trichoderma atroviride and Fusarium solani
(2019) Nico M. Baroman
The ability of T. atroviride to inhibit the growth of F. solani was demostrated in this study through mycoparasitism via co-cultivation and assay for volatile and non-volatile antibiotics. Assay for non-volatile antibiotics in inhibited the growth of F. solani. After 120 hours of incubation, the growth of F. solani non-volatile set-up was inhibited at 8.48 mm which is smaller than the control set. While the assay for volatile antibiotics did not inhibit the growth with different of 1.96 mm when compared to the control set. In co-cultivation, T. atroviride showed signs of mycoparasitism such as coiling of hyphae of T. atroviride around the hyphae of F. solani, aggregating around it resulted in the depletion of nutrients of the hyphae of F. solani.
Liquid culture conditions for mycelial growth of Pleurotus sajor-caju
(2020) Kylah Grace B. Pagaduan
Pleurotus sajor-caju as gray oyster mushroom, is one of the edible mushrooms being cultivated worldwide. In this study, the optimal growth conditions for the mycelia were evaluated. The influence of nutritional and physical factors such as liquid media, pH level, temperature, illumination and shaking conditions were investigated. The fresh and dry weights of mycelia were used in determining the optimum growth conditions. Results showed that rice bran decoction broth (RBDB) at pH 5.5, incubated in room temperature (28 degrees Celsius), alternating light and dark and static conditions are the best conditions for mycelial growth of P. sajor-caju.
Microbiological assessment and characterization of bacteria associated with chocolate-flavored dairy carabao's milk drink
(2019) Rea Mariela M. Santiago
Milk has been known for years as a complete food since it offers a variety of nutritional properties to people. However despite its nutritional attributes, there are reported cases that milk-borne pathogenic microorganisms cause harm and post peril to one's well-being. To address these issues, the study was conducted in order to microbiologically assess the quality of chocolate milk and characterize the bacteria associated with it through sub-studies namely: Physical assessment, Most Probable Number Method, Aerobic Plate Count, Petrifilm methods. The results of the physical assessment of the chocolate milk revealed no objectionable traits. Bacterial assessments in both samplings also revealed acceptable range of the microbial quality. However, due to the presence of high numbers of coliforms and the detection of E. coli in MPN analyses and Petrifilm E. coli/ Coliform Count Plate, this qualifies the chocolate milk as "Unsatisfactory" using FDA standards (2013), and suggests that there is a need for the establishment of good hygiene practices among dairy cooperatives in routine check for Good Hygienic Practices (GHP) and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) compliance. Three isolates obtained from the mixed cultures were Gram Negative which may be associated with contaminations in the dairy and food industry.
Microbiological assessment and characterization of microorganisms associated with glutinous rice flour-based dairy product2019
(2019) Mary Ann G. Yagin
The study was conducted to assess and characterize microorganisms present in glutinous rice flour-based dairy product from a local dairy cooperative. Physical assessment of the product was conducted. Aerobic plate count and yeast and mold count was conducted using conventional and petrifilm methods. Bacterial pure culture were isolated and characterized culturally and morphologically. No objectionable result on color, appearance, odor and taste was observed. Aerobic plate count showed estimated aerobic plate count and fell under good category for ready-to-eat foods. Yeast and mold count also showed estimated yeast and mold count and fell under acceptable category for the microbial limits of ready-to-eatThree bacterial isolates from the sample were purified and characterized as gram negative two obligate aerobes and one facultative anaerobe, two motile and one non-motile.
Molecular identification and in vitro interaction of molds associated with dry rot of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) collected in La Trinidad Benguet
(2020) Georgia Angel D. Carreon
Solanum tuberosum L. belonging to family Solanaceae is one of the most important crop grown in the Philippines and other countries. But harvested potatoes are plague by different fungal disease problems such as dry rot. Thus, this study was conducted mainly to isolate fungal organisms associated with dry rot disease of S. tuberosum L. The isolated fungal species were identified through observation of cultural and morphological characteristics and up to molecular level.
Morphological aberration and growth inhibition of cypermethrin on the development of Gosner stage 25 to 42
(2020) Alizza Yvette B. Memita
Cypermethrin is a synthetic pyethroid a highly used pesticide in agriculture household for insect control. This pesticide is toxic not only for insects but also in mammals. Cypermethrin can be used against pest in the household, in agriculture and in other animals. In order to establish morphological abnormalities and growth inhibition caused by cypermethrin to the development of Gosner stage 25 to Gosner stage 42 Rhinella marina tadpoles, toxicity experiment and observation of the development of tadpoles from gosner stage 25 to were assessed. The acute toxicity experiment revealed that Cypermethrin has an LC50 value of 0.50 ppm which is considered as highly toxic. The observed morphological aberrations caused by Cypermethrin are; bent-tail and discoloration of tail and fore limb of gosner stage 42 tadpoles. Growth retardation was also observed. thus, the R. marina tadpoles at Gosner stage 25 to 42 are significantly affected by the presence of Cypermethrin in terms of morphological aberration with the varying concentrations.
Mycochemical screening, anti-oxidant activity and cytotoxic property of Phellinus robiniae collected from MT. Pulag, Kabayan, Benguet
(2019) Thomas Rupert L. Evangelista
Mushrooms have long been used as food, medicine and other purposes. Their relevance in modern day pharmaceutics and nutraceuticals is a product of human research over time. Several studies have been conducted on various macrofungi, however little is known about the P. robiniae. P. robiniae, of the family Hymenochaetaceae is a woody bracket macrofungus which almost exclusively grow on locust tree, decaying wood and logs. In order to establish the nutraceutical potentialities of P. robiniae, the mycochemical composition, anti-oxidant activity and cytotoxic property of the fruiting bodies were evaluated. In this study, the fruiting bodies generally contain eleven bio-active secondary metabolites such as essential oils, phenols, sugars, triterpenes, coumarines, anthraquinones, anthrones, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids and steroids. Essentially, this study also revealed that P. robiniae exhibited anti-oxidant activity with a DPPH radical scavenging activity of 34.59% and a total phenolic content of 49.42 mg GAE/g of sample. Moreover, the ethanolic extract of P. robiniae showed an LC₅₀ of 328.05 ppm which is considered as moderately toxic.
Mycochemical, cytotoxic and teratogenic assessment of Ganoderma applanatum collected from Casiguran Aurora
(2023) Ana Shiela Mae C. Iglesias
Mushrooms are reported to contain medicinal and nutritional purposes, and they have become an interest in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industry in the Philippines. However, even though they are considered as potent great sources for drug discovery, some mushrooms also exhibit negative effects such as cytotoxic and teratogenic activities which can also be a source of anti-cancer drugs. Ganoderma applanatum collected from Casiguran Aurora extracted with ethanol was screened for its mycochemical composition, assessed for its cytotoxicity using brine shrimp (Artemia salina) and teratogenicity using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Based on the mycochemical screening, secondary metabolites including essential oils, phenols, coumarins, anthrones and alkaloids were present in the G. applanatum ethanol extract. Furthermore, the G. applanatum ethanol extract projected an LC50 of 91.06697 ppm which suggest high toxicity. Additionally, the ethanol extract with 1250 and 100 ppm is highly toxic to D. embryos after 12 hours of exposure whereas growth retardation in the same time frame was observed from ≤750 ppm. After 48 hours, developing embryos exposed to all varying concentrations garnered a 100% mortality rate. Based on the findings, coagulation was the most remarkable lethal effect. Whereas growth retardation was the most notable teratogenic effect. Overall, the findings suggest that cytotoxic and teratogenic activities are present in G. applanatum which may possibly be accredited to the secondary metabolites detected in the G. applanatum ethanol extract and may contribute to the increasing demand for medicinal drugs in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industry in the Philippines in treating various diseases.

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