Phytochemical screening, embryo-toxic and teratogenic effects of leaves, stem-bark and fruit rind of Sandoricum koetjape Linn. extracts on zebra fish (Danio rerio) embryos
Date
2018
Authors
Glydel J. Morales
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Abstract
Sandoricum koetjape Linn is a medicinal plant that belongs to Meliacceae family. Phytochemical screening, embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of this plant were evaluated in this study. The phytochemical content was examined using test tube method. The toxic effects of S. Koetjape or "Santol" were assessed against zebrafish embryos. Leaf, stem-bark and fruit rind extract of S. koetjape via hot water extraction and the zebra fish (Danio rerio) as the model organism were utilized for the assessment of its teratogenicity and embryo=toxicity potential.
The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins and cardiac glycosides in all parts of . koetjape. Saponins and terpenoids on the other hand, were detected in leaves and stem-bark and absent in fruit rind. In the case of flavonoids, it was detected only in the fruit rind 1% to 3% hot water extract (HWE) concentrations recorded 100% mortality as early as 12 hpta while in leaves HWE, only 3% got mortality of 12 hpta. In this regard, only the 0.5% and 0.1% HWE of all plant parts registered hatchability rate while leaves had 100% delayed development at 48 hpta. The hatchability rates noted in lower concentrations were significantly lower than the control.
The highest heartbeat rates were observed to embryos at 0.1% HWE of the leaves, stem-bark and fruit rind with 126.33, 98.67 and 135.67 beats per minute, respetively, which are all significantly lower than the control. No visual heartbeat was observed in embryos after 36 hpta in 1% in three plant parts HWE due to coagulation and delayed development. Growth retardation, stunted-tail and yolk deformities were the abnormalities detected in the embryos. All plant parts of S. kaetjape showed toxic and teratogenic effects to D. rerio embryos.